Bsc 2nd semester Sauces and Gravies Food Production

 SAUCE:-

What is sauce: sauce is a hot or cold seasoned liquid either served with or used in cooking of a dish to impart flavor to the dish which is compatible (suitable) with the ingredients (of the dish). The word comes from the Latin word “salsus” which means salted since salt has always been the basic condiment.

Careme and Escoffier are the two chefs who have contributed to the development of sauces in French cuisine. Careme was the first one to come up with a classification of mother sauces and Escoffier refined the sauces and added more derivatives or small sauces to these mother sauces

Demiglace or Espagnole, veloute, tomato and hollandaise are often referred to as the “grand sauces” or “mother sauces”. Modern day chefs also classify mayonnaise as a cold mother sauce.

Characteristics of sauce:

A sauce may be thin or thick; it may be strained or it may contain visible ingredients. It may be used to season raw food (coleslaw);

The structure of sauces:

The major sauces we consider here are made of three kinds of ingredients

1. A liquid , the body of sauce
2. A thickening agent
3. Additional seasoning and flavoring ingredients

CLASSIFICATION OF SAUCES:

Foundation sauce/Mother sauce -

      1. Starch thickened sauce (béchamel, veloute, tomato, espagnole)

                                      2. Emulsified sauce (hollandaise, mayonnaise)

Non derivative sauce:

1.       English sauce

2.       Proprietary sauce

3.       Butter Sauce

4.       Dessert Sauce

BECHAMEL SAUCE –

• A Béchamel sauces is made by thickening milk with white roux and simmering it with aromatics.
• The milk is first reduced or boiled with aromatics such as onions wrapped with bay leaf and cloves (called onion cloute) and then thickened with roux.
• When properly prepared Béchamel sauce should have a creamy flavour, reflecting its base liquid which is milk.
• There should be no raw taste of roux remaining in the sauce which means that it needs to be cooked thoroughly for sufficient time.
• A good béchamel sauce will have a definite shine and will be perfectly smooth with no graininess.
• Béchamel sauce is finished with butter to avoid skin formation on top.

Recipe for béchamel sauce:

Flour –30 gm , Butter- 30 gm , Milk – 1 liter, Onion cloute – 1no, Seasoning –TT

Derivatives of Bechamel –

MORNAY-Béchamel+ Grated Cheese+ Cream + Egg Yolk
CREAM SAUCE- Béchamel+ Fresh Cream+ Butter

SOUBISE –Béchamel +Sautéed Minced Onions + Nutmeg And Strained.

CARDINAL – Béchamel + Lobster Butter + Truffle Essence+ Fish Fumet

MUSTARD- Béchamel + Fresh Cream + Butter +Mustard

PARSLEY – Béchamel + Fresh Cream + Butter+ Chopped Parsley.

VELOUTE

• This sauce used to prepare numerous white sauces using blond roux, has a name that translates from French as velvety, soft and smooth to the palate.
• A truly excellent veloute should meet several criteria such as it should have a pale ivory colour with no hint of grey, should be shiny and perfectly smooth, with no hint of graininess.
• The sauce should have a noticeable body thick enough to coat the back of a spoon, yet still easy to pour form a ladle.
• Basic veloutes are classified as three which are as follows:

1. Fish veloute
2. Chicken veloute
3. Meat veloute

Recipe of veloute sauce –

Butter – 20 gm

Flour- 20 gm

Stock (chicken/veal/ mutton/ fish)- 1 lt

Mushroom trimming- 25 gm

Bouquet garni- 50 gm

Derivatives of Fish veloute

NORMANDE – fish veloute+ mushroom+ oyster liquor+ fumet, finished with egg yolk and cream +shelled shrimp tails+ shrimp butter.

BERCY – Normande + Shallots + White wine + Parsley + Butter

CREVETTES - Normande sauce + Shrimp butter + Chopped cooked shrimps

DIPLOMATE – Normande + Lobster butter + Lobster dices + Chopped truffle.

VIN BLANC – Normande + White wine + Shallots + Fines herbs

AMIRAL – Vin Blanc sauce + Grated lemon zest + Chopped anchovies + Capers

ANCHOIS – Normande + Anchovy butter + Chopped anchovy fillets

Derivatives of Chicken veloute

SUPREME – chicken veloute + white wine + parsley+ shallots+ mushrooms trimming and strain. Add fresh cream+ yolk+ lemon juice.

HONGROISE – Supreme + Chopped onion + Paprika +White wine

ALBUFERA – Supreme + Meat glaze + Pimento butter

IVOIRE – Supreme or Allemande + Meat glaze

CHIVRY – Supreme + Fines herbes + White wine + Butter

PRINCESS – Supreme + Julienne of chicken + Mushroom liquor + Chopped mushrooms + Asparagus tips.

Derivatives of meat veloute:

CAPER – mutton veloute + capers

RAVIGOTE – veal veloute + white wine+ vinegar+ shallot butter, garnished with dices of marrow and chopped parsley.

TOMATO SAUCE –

• There are several approaches to making a tomato sauce.
• The first approach is what is generally known as Tomato concasse which is basically prepared by using fresh tomatoes and cooking them in olive oil with garlic and onions, chopped bacon, blond roux..
• The tomatoes used for making concasse are usually deskinned, deseeded and chopped  but alternatively they may be left whole along with the skin and seeds in case of bulk operation.
• The other approach to what is known as Tomato sauce and is a part of the mother sauces is prepared by cooking good brown stock with plenty of fresh tomatoes and adding cooked tomato paste to the sauce reducing it considerably, straining it and serving it as a sauce.
•  Tomato sauce should have a deep, rich tomato flavour, with no trace of bitterness, or acidity or sweetness. Tomato sauce is slightly coarser than any of the other mother sauces because of the degree of texture that remains even after pureeing and straining the tomatoes.
• Plum tomatoes sometimes referred to as Roma tomatoes are generally preferred for Tomato sauces since they have a relatively good ratio of flesh to skin and seed.

Recipe of tomato sauce:

Flour – 10 gm , Butter- 10 gm , Bacon- 5 gm , Onion – 80 gm , Carrots- 50 gm , Celery- 10 gm , Bayleaves -2 no, Tomato puree- 150 gm , Chicken stock- 600 ml , Sugar- 6 gm , Salt –TT, Pepper- TT

Derivatives of Tomato Sauce –

PORTUGAISE – Tomato sauce + Garlic + Fresh Diced Tomatoes + Chopped onions

ITALIENNE – Tomato sc + demi glaze + chopped shallots+ mushrooms+ lean ham+ Fine herbs

BRETONNE – Tom Sc + White wine + Ch parsley + Ch onion + Garlic + Demi glace + usually some boiled bean puree or whole beans are added.

PROVENCALE – Tomato sauce + Garlic + Parsley + Sugar + chopped onion+ mushrooms

BARBECUE – Tomato sc + Mustard + Tomato ketchup + Pineapple juice + Chopped bell peppers + Chopped onion, garlic, Pineapple + Sugar + Vinegar

CHAUD FROID – Tomato sauce + Aspic

BROWN SAUCE / ESPAGNOLE –

• Espagnole which is commonly referred to as Brown sauce was originally prepared in a lengthy process where in browned veal bones and mirepoix were reduced with ham and partridges to prepare a flavourful brown stock which was then thickened with brown roux.
• This recipe was documented by Careme and the sauce was called “Espagnole” which means “Spanish sauce” after the ham which was added in the sauce as Spain during that time produced the best hams in the world.
• Technically speaking it is incorrect to term modern day brown sauce as “Espagnole” because ham is no longer used these days for preparation of brown sauce.
• The four basic elements of brown sauce are – brown veal stock also known as Estouffade, mirepoix cut into large dice, tomato puree and brown roux.
• The stock is directly responsible for the ultimate success of the sauce and it must be of excellent quality, with a rich appealing flavour and aroma.

The tomato puree should be thoroughly cooked before adding it to the stock. Allowing the tomato puree to cook out reduces any excessive sweetness, acidity, or bitterness, which might affect the finished sauce. This process is referred to in French as pincage, a culinary term which indicates that an ingredient usually tomatoes is browned in fat.

DEMI – GLACE

The name demiglace translates literally as “half glaze”. The sauce is prepared by taking equal quantities of good brown sauce and brown stock or estouffade and reducing it to half of its original volume.

Recipe of espagnole:

Flour –20 gm , Butter- 20 gm , Bacon – 30 gm , Onion – 100 gm , Bouquet garni- 50 gm , Brown stock- 1 lt, Tomato puree- 30 gm , Carrots – 100 gm , Salt- TT, Herbs – 10 gm

There are a number of derivative sauces which are based on brown sauce or demi glaze and are as follows:

BERCY – Shallots + White wine + Parsley + Peppercorn +Butter +Dices of bone marrow.

BORDELAISE – Red Bordeaux wine reduction + Demi-glace + Poached bone marrow

CHARCUTIERE – Robert sauce + Julienne of gherkins

CHASSEUR – Means hunter’s style – Mushrooms + Shallots + White wine + Tomato concasse + Brown sauce

CHATEAUBRIAND – Shallots + chopped mushrooms + white wine + butter + thyme + tarragon + parsley.

DIABLE – Also devil’s sauce – White wine reduction + shallots + crushed peppercorns + Cayenne pepper.

FINES HERBES – White wine + lemon juice + chopped fines herbs.

PIQUANTE – White wine reduction + vinegar + shallots + chopped gherkins + chervil + tarragon + peppercorns

ROBERT – White wine + Mustard + Chopped onions + Butter

POIVRADE – Red wine reduction + Peppercorns + Butter

MOSCOVITE – Poivrade sauce + juniper berries + toasted sliced almonds + black currants + Marsala wine.

HOLLANDAISE –

• This sauce received its name as recognition of the butter and other high quality dairy products produced in Holland.
• Since the largest proportion of Hollandaise sauce is butter, the sauce will succeed or fail depending on the quality of butter as well as other factors such as temperature, and skill full balance of egg yolks.
• Hollandaise belongs to a group of sauces known as emulsion sauces. An emulsion is formed when one substance is suspended in another substance – in this case clarified or melted butter is suspended in partially cooked egg yolks.
• This sauce is very fragile or delicate as it is not a true mixture but a suspension of particles and can easily disintegrate or separate into individual components.
• A good hollandaise sauce should have pale lemon colour with a satin smooth appearance, texture and a light and frothy consistency.
• To prepare Hollandaise a reduction is made either with white wine or white wine vinegar, chopped shallots and peppercorns. Freshly squeezed lemon juice, salt and white pepper may also be added. The mixture is allowed to cool, egg yolks are added and then very carefully over a double boiler it is beaten with a whisk and a fine stream of clarified butter or melted butter is incorporated in the sauce.
• The sauce will thicken as more and more butter is blended in. Hollandaise sauce should always be kept or stored at a temperature of 70ºC. Approximately 100 gm of butter should be added for each egg yolk.

Recipe of hollandaise sauce:Melted butter – 800 gm , Egg yolk- 8 nos , Vinegar/ lemon juice- 30 ml, Peppercorn (crushed) - a few nos, Salt- TT, Cold water- 2 tbspoon.

Derivatives of Hollandaise sauce:

BEARNAISE: hollandaise + chopped tarragon+ chervil (chopped) + Brunoise of shallots.

CHORON – Tomato puree + béarnaise sauce
FOYOT – Hollandaise + Meat Glaze

MALTAISE – Zest and juice of blood orange + Hollandaise

MOUSSELINE – Whipped cream + Hollandaise

NOISETTE - Nut brown butter + Hollandaise sauce

Correcting a curdled sauce –

• Place a small amount of boiling water in to clean bowl. Gradually whisk the curdled mixture on to the water.
• Place flesh egg yolk into clean bowl. Gradually whisk the curdled mixture onto the yolks over double boiler( baine marie)

MAYONNAISE SAUCE –

Mayonnaise is an emulsified sauce. An emulsified sauce is formed when two liquids that would not ordinarily form a stable mixture are forced together and held in suspension. To make mayonnaise oil is whished together with a small amount of vinegar (it is the water in the vinegar that doesn’t normally mixed with oil). To prevent oil droplets from regrouping an emulsifier is added. For mayonnaise, the emulsifier is lecithin, a protein found in eggyolk. (The acid is the vinegar also helps to form the emulsion)

To prepare mayonnaise, first separate the egg yolk and white. Collect the yolk in a cleaned bowl. Add mustard powder, salt and white pepper powder and mix well. Add refined oil drop by drop and keep on whisking in a uniform motion in the same direction. Gradually the emulsion will form. Whenever consistency is to be adjusted, add lemon juice or vinegar. Preserve in refrigerated condition.

Recipe of mayonnaise sauce –Egg yolk- 8 nos , Refined oil – 1 lt, Vinegar- 10 ml , Mustard powder- a pinch , Salt –TT, Lemon juice – 1 no

Reasons for curdling mayonnaise:

• If it is exposed near heat like flame or sunlight
• If the container and the whisk is not perfectly cleaned
• If oil is not added carefully drop by drop.
• If whisking is done at randomly.
• If the egg is just taken out from freeze but not thawed.
• If proper ratio of oil and egg yolk is not followed.

Correcting curdled mayonnaise -

• In a cleaned bowl put a spoonful of hot water and a pinch of mustard powder, mix well. Drop by drop add the curdled mayonnaise in it and keep on mixing. It will be rectified.
• In a cleaned bowl take fresh mayonnaise and add drop by drop add the curdled mayonnaise in it. Keep on mixing. It will get rectified
• In a cleaned bowl, take fresh egg yolk, drop by drop add the curdled mayonnaise in it. Keep on mixing. It will get rectified

Derivatives of mayonnaise sauce:

TARTARE – mayonnaise + gherkin+ caper+ shallots + parsley

COCKTAIL SAUCE – mayonnaise sauce + tomato ketchup + w. sauce+ Tabasco sauce + cream + lemon juice

SAUCE VERTE – mayonnaise + puree of (blanched herbs+ spinach+ parsley+ chervil+ tarragon), passed through a fine sieve

AIOLI – mayonnaise + finely chopped garlic + lemon juice

VINCENT – equal amount of tartare and vert sauce mix together

REMOULADE – mayonnaise + mustard garnished with capers, parsley, gherkin, chervil, tarragon and finished with anchovy essence.

NON DERIVATIVE SAUCES ARE CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR CATEGARIES:

• Class of its own (English sauce) - apple sauce, bread sauce, cranberry sauce, Cumberland sauce, mint sauce etc.
• Proprietary sauce- Hot or cold seasoned liquid, which is served with or used in the cooking of a dish. Tomato ketchup, HP sauce, Tabasco sauce, chilly sauce, soy sauce, worcestershire sauce.
• Butter sauce: two types are there. Hot butter sauce- noisette butter, beurre meuniere, beurre noir etc. hard butter sauce –anchovy butter, garlic butter, shrimp butter, lobster butter, parsley butter etc
• Dessert sauce – apricot sauce, melba sauce, black current sauce, caramel sauce, peach sauce, pineapple sauce, chocolate sauce, custard sauce.

PROPRIETARY SAUCE :

These sauces are industrially made.

1.       Soya sauce : it is the basic condiments from south east Asia and Japan. This sauce is made from soya beans, wheat, water and salt.

2.       Worcestershire sauce : it is also known as LP sauce( lea and perrins sauce). Traditional w. sauce is thin, dark brown and pungent, with visible sediment.

3.       Barbeque sauce : it was originated in USA. It is used in marination and dipping sauce.

4.       Ketchup : commercial ketchup is like  smooth tomato sauce, and it is highly seasoned.

5.       Tobasco sauce : the chilli or hot red pepper is the principal ingredients of commercially prepared hot sauce.

CONTEMPORARY SAUCES :

Today’s chefs are responding to demands for lighter sauces that are simpler, less rich and more easily prepared than those of past.

1.       Pesto sauce : it is popular sauce from Italy. Pesto means a paste and is popularly made with basil.

2.       Harissa : a hot red pepper sauce from north Africa

3.       Romesco sauce : this spicy red sauce from catalonia is wonderfull with grilled fish.

4.     Salsa di noci : in linguria, Italy, pepared with walnut, garlic, bread crumb, olive oil, parmesan cheese, sour cream etc.

Sauces	Gravies
Mother sauces are mayonnaise, hollandaise, brown sauce, béchamel sauce, veloute sauce etc	Indian gravies are brown gravy, makhni gravy, kadhai gravy, palak gravy etc.
Mother sauces are based on meat stock/oil/fat thickened with emulsifier or a thickening agent.	Gravies are make onion, tomato and Indian spices.
No used of Indian spices	Usages of Indian spices
Lightly aromated	Highly aromated.

QUESTION:-

·       Name the basic / leading / mother sauces giving two derivatives of each with ingredients.

·       What are the ingredients used in thousand island and tartare sauce

·       Difference between sauce and gravy

·       Explain contemporary and proprietary sauces